14 Managing SecInfo

The SecInfo management provides centralized access to a wide range of information technology (IT) security information including the following categories:

Vulnerability Tests (VT)
VTs test the target system for potential vulnerabilities.
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE)
CVEs are vulnerabilities published by vendors and security researchers.
Common Platform Enumeration (CPE)
CPE offers standardized names for products used in the IT.
CERT-Bund Advisories
CERT-Bund Advisories are published by the CERT-Bund, the Computer Emergency Response Team of the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI) (German: Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik, abbreviated as BSI). The main task of the CERT-Bund is the operation of a warning and information service publishing information regarding new vulnerabilities and security risks as well as threats for IT systems.
DFN-CERT Advisories
DFN-CERT advisories are published by the DFN-CERT, the Computer Emergency Response Team of the German National Research and Education Network (German: Deutsches Forschungsnetz, abbreviated as DFN).

CVEs and CPEs are published and made accessible by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as part of the National Vulnerability Database (NVD) (see Chapter 14.2).

Note

Greenbone is also offering all SecInfo data online, accessible via the SecInfo portal. The SecInfo portal provides all SecInfo described in the following chapters and the CVSS calculator.

Access to the SecInfo Portal is provided by activating a guest access (see Chapter 9.1.3).

14.1 Vulnerability Tests (VT)

VTs are test routines used by the appliance. They are part of the Greenbone Enterprise Feed which is updated regularly. VTs include information about development date, affected systems, impact of vulnerabilities and remediation.

List Page

All existing VTs can be displayed by selecting SecInfo > NVTs in the menu bar.

For all VTs the following information is displayed:

Name
Name of the VT.
Family
Family of VTs to which the VT belongs.
Created
Date and time of creation.
Modified
Date and time of last modification.
CVE
CVE that is checked for using the VT.
Solution Type solution_type

Solution for the vulnerability. The following solutions are possible:

  • st_vendorfix A vendor patch is available.
  • st_workaround A workaround is available.
  • st_mitigation A mitigation by configuration is available.
  • st_willnotfix No fix is and will be available.
  • st_nonavailable No solution exists.
Severity
The severity of the vulnerability (CVSS, see Chapter 14.2.3) is displayed as a bar to support the analysis of the results.
QoD

QoD is short for Quality of Detection and represents how reliable the detection of a vulnerability is.

With the introduction of the QoD, the parameter Paranoid in the scan configuration (see Chapter 10.9) is removed without replacement. In the past a scan configuration without this parameter only used VTs with a QoD of at least 70%. Now all VTs are used and executed in a scan configuration.

Note

By clicking export below the list of VTs more than one VT can be exported at a time. The drop-down list is used to select which VTs are exported.

Details Page

Click on the name of a VT to display the details of the VT. Click details to open the details page of the VT.

The following actions are available in the upper left corner:

  • help Open the corresponding chapter of the user manual.
  • list Show the list page of all VTs.
  • export Export the VT as an XML file.
  • new_note Create a new note for the VT (see Chapter 11.7.1).
  • new_override Create a new override for the VT (see Chapter 11.8.1).
  • results Show the corresponding results.
  • vulnerability Show the corresponding vulnerability.

14.2 Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP)

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides the National Vulnerability Database (NVD). The NVD is a data repository for the vulnerability management of the US government. The goal is the standardized provision of the data for automated processing. By that, vulnerability management is supported and the implementation of compliance guidelines is verified.

The NVD provides different databases including the following:

  • Checklists
  • Vulnerabilities
  • Misconfigurations
  • Products
  • Threat metrics

The NVD utilizes the Security Content Automation Protocol (SCAP). SCAP is a combination of different interoperable standards. Many standards were developed or derived from public discussion.

The public participation of the community in the development is an important aspect for accepting and spreading SCAP standards. SCAP is currently specified in version 1.3 and includes the following components:

  • Languages
    • XCCDF: Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format
    • OVAL: Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language
    • OCIL: Open Checklist Interactive Language
    • Asset Identification
    • ARF: Asset Reporting Format
  • Collections
    • CCE: Common Configuration Enumeration
    • CPE: Common Platform Enumeration
    • CVE: Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure
  • Metrics
    • CVSS: Common Vulnerability Scoring System
    • CCSS: Common Configuration Scoring System
  • Integrity
    • TMSAD: Trust Model for Security Automation Data

OVAL, CCE, CPE and CVE are trademarks of NIST.

The Greenbone Enterprise Appliance uses CVE, CPE and CVSS. By utilizing these standards, the interoperability with other systems is guaranteed. The standards also allow comparing the results.

Vulnerability assessment systems such as the Greenbone Enterprise Appliance can be validated by NIST respectively. The appliance has been validated with respect to SCAP version 1.0.

14.2.1 CVE

In the past, various organizations discovered and reported vulnerabilities at the same time and assigned them different names. This led to different scanners reporting the same vulnerability under different names making communication and comparison of the results complicated.

To address this, MITRE founded the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposure (CVE) project. Every vulnerability is assigned a unique identifier consisting of the release year and a simple number. This identifier serves as a central reference.

The CVE database of MITRE is not a vulnerability database. CVE was developed in order to connect the vulnerability database and other systems with each other enabling the comparison of security tools and services.

The CVE database does not contain detailed technical information or any information regarding risk, impact or elimination of the vulnerability. A CVE only contains the identification number with the status, a short description and references to reports and advisories.

The NVD refers to the CVE database and complements the content with information regarding the elimination, severity, possible impact and affected products of the vulnerability. Greenbone refers to the CVE database of the NVD. At the same time, the appliance combines the information, VTs and CERT-Bund/DFN-CERT advisories.

List Page

All existing CVEs can be displayed by selecting SecInfo > CVEs in the menu bar.

Columns like Severity may display N/A for one of the following reasons:

  • The CVE was published but no vulnerability analysis/severity assessment was carried out by the NVD yet. This can take a few days up to a few weeks.

    Such CVEs can be identified when browsing the related entry. As long as Undergoing Analysis is displayed there, N/A is shown in the columns for the CVE.

  • There is always a delay of 1 – 2 working days between the vulnerability analysis/severity assessment and the time the updated information is displayed in the SecInfo.

The column CVSS Base Vector shows the CVSS vector used for calculating the severity of a CVE. This vector includes the CVSS version defined for the CVE.

By clicking on the vector, the page CVSSv2/CVSSv3 Base Score Calculator is opened. The fields of the corresponding calculator are already filled in, depending on which CVSS version is used to calculate the severity of the CVE.

Note

By clicking export below the list of CVEs more than one CVE can be exported at a time. The drop-down list is used to select which CVEs are exported.

Details Page

Click on the name of a CVE to display the details of the CVE. Click details to open the details page of the CVE (see Fig. 14.1).

_images/cve_detailspage.png

Fig. 14.1 Details page of a CVE

The following registers are available:

Information
General information about the CVE.
User Tags
Assigned tags (see Chapter 8.4).

The following actions are available in the upper left corner:

  • help Open the corresponding chapter of the user manual.
  • list Show the list page of all CVEs.
  • export Export the CVE as an XML file.

14.2.2 CPE

The Common Platform Enumeration (CPE) is modelled after CVE. It is a structured naming scheme for applications, operating systems and hardware devices.

The CPE was initiated by MITRE and is maintained by NIST as a part of the NVD. NIST has already maintained the official CPE dictionary and the CPE specifications for many years. CPE is based on the generic syntax of the Uniform Resource Identifier (URI).

_images/cpe_name_structure.png

Fig. 14.2 Name structure of a CPE name

The combination of CPE and CVE standards enables the conclusion of existing vulnerabilities when discovering a platform or product.

CPE is composed of the following components:

  • Naming
    The name specification describes the logical structure of well-formed names (WFNs), their binding to URIs and formatted character strings as well as their conversion.
  • Name Matching
    The name matching specification describes the methods to compare WFNs with each other. This allows for the testing whether some or all WFNs refer to the same product.
  • Dictionary
    The dictionary is a repository of CPE names and metadata. Every name defines a single class of an IT product. The dictionary specification describes the processes for using the dictionary, e.g., searching for a specific name or for entries belonging to a more general class.
  • Applicability Language
    The applicability language specification describes the creation of complex logical expressions with the help of WFNs. These applicability statements can be used for tagging checklists, guidelines or other documents and, by that, for describing for which products the documents are relevant.

List Page

All existing CPEs can be displayed by selecting SecInfo > CPEs in the menu bar.

Note

By clicking export below the list of CPEs more than one CPE can be exported at a time. The drop-down list is used to select which CPEs are exported.

Details Page

Click on the name of a CPE to display the details of the CPE. Click details to open the details page of the CPE.

The following registers are available:

Information
General information about the CPE.
User Tags
Assigned tags (see Chapter 8.4).

The following actions are available in the upper left corner:

  • help Open the corresponding chapter of the user manual.
  • list Show the list page of all CPEs.
  • export Export the CPE as an XML file.

14.2.3 CVSS

To support the interpretation of a vulnerability, the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS) was invented. The CVSS is an industry standard for describing the severity of security risks in computer systems.

Security risks are rated and compared using different criteria. This allows for the creation of a priority list of countermeasures.

The CVSS is developed by the CVSS Special Interest Group (CVSS-SIG) of the Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST). The current CVSS score version is 3.1.

The CVSS score supports base score metrics, temporal score metrics, and environmental score metrics.

Base score metrics
Base score metrics test the exploitability of a vulnerability and their impact on the target system. Access, complexity and requirement of authentication are rated. Additionally, they rate whether the confidentiality, integrity or availability is threatened.
Temporal score metrics
Temporal score metrics test whether a completed example code exists, the vendor already supplied a patch and confirmed the vulnerability. The score will be changing drastically in the course of time.
Environmental score metrics
Environmental score metrics describe the effect of a vulnerability within an organization. They take damage, target distribution, confidentiality, integrity and availability into account. This assessment strongly depends on the environment in which the vulnerable product is used.

Since the base score metrics are merely meaningful in general and can be determined permanently, the appliance provides them as part of the SecInfo data.

The CVSS calculator can be opened by selecting Help > CVSS Calculator in the menu bar (see Fig. 14.3). Both the calculator for CVSS version 2.0 and the calculator for CVSS version 3.0/3.1 are displayed.

_images/cvss_calc.png

Fig. 14.3 CVSS calculator for calculating severity scores

14.2.3.1 CVSS Version 2.0

The following formula is used by the CVSS calculator for version 2.0:

BaseScore = roundTo1Decimal( ( ( 0.6 * Impact ) +
            ( 0.4 * Exploitability ) - 1.5 ) * f( Impact ) )

“Impact” is calculated as follows:

Impact = 10.41 * (1 - (1 - ConfImpact) *
         (1 - IntegImpact) * (1 - AvailImpact))

“Exploitability” is calculated as follows:

Exploitability = 20 * AccessVector * AccessComplexity * Authentication

Note

The function f( Impact ) is 0, if the impact is 0.

In all other cases the value is 1.176.

The other values are constants:

  • Access Vector
    • Requires local access: 0.395
    • Adjacent network accessible: 0.646
    • Network accessible: 1.0
  • Access Complexity
    • High: 0.35
    • Medium: 0.61
    • Low: 0.71
  • Authentication
    • Requires multiple instances of authentication: 0.45
    • Requires single instance of authentication: 0.56
    • Requires no authentication: 0.704
  • ConfImpact
    • None: 0.0
    • Partial: 0.275
    • Complete: 0.660
  • IntegImpact
    • None: 0.0
    • Partial: 0.275
    • Complete: 0.660
  • AvailImpact
    • None: 0.0
    • Partial: 0.275
    • Complete: 0.660

14.2.3.2 CVSS Version 3.0/3.1

The following formula is used by the CVSS calculator for version 3.0/3.1:

* If Impact <= 0, BaseScore = 0

* If Scope is "Unchanged":
   BaseScore = Roundup (Minimum ((Impact + Exploitability), 10))

* If Scope is "Changed":
   BaseScore = Roundup (Minimum (1.08 * (Impact + Exploitability), 10))

“ISS” (Impact Sub-Score) is calculated as follows:

ISS = 1 - ((1 - Confidentiality) * (1 - Integrity) * (1 - Availability))

“Impact” is calculated as follows:

* If Scope is "Unchanged":
   Impact = 6.42 * ISS

* If Scope is "Changed":
   Impact = 7.52 * (ISS - 0.029) - 3.25 * (ISS - 0.02)¹⁵

“Exploitability” is calculated as follows:

Exploitability = 8.22 * Attack Vector * Attack Complexity
                 * Privileges Required * User Interaction

The other values are constants:

  • Attack Vector
    • Network: 0.85
    • Adjacent: 0.62
    • Local: 0.55
    • Physical: 0.2
  • Attack Complexity
    • Low: 0.77
    • High: 0.44
  • Privileges Required
    • None: 0.85
    • Low: 0.62 (or 0.68 if Scope is “Changed”)
    • High: 0.27 (or 0.5 if Scope is “Changed”)
  • User Interaction
    • None: 0.85
    • Required: 0.62
  • Confidentiality
    • None: 0.0
    • Low: 0.22
    • High: 0.56
  • Integrity
    • None: 0.0
    • Low: 0.22
    • High: 0.56
  • Availability
    • None: 0.0
    • Low: 0.22
    • High: 0.56

14.3 CERT-Bund Advisories

The CERT-Bund, the Computer Emergency Response Team of the German Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), is the central point of contact for preventive and reactive measures regarding security related computer incidents.

With the intention of avoiding harm and limiting potential damage, the work of CERT-Bund includes the following:

  • Creating and publishing recommendations for preventive measures
  • Pointing out vulnerabilities in hardware and software products
  • Proposing measures to address known vulnerabilities
  • Supporting public agencies efforts to respond to IT security incidents
  • Recommending various mitigation measures
  • Working closely with the National IT Situation Centre and the National IT Crisis Response Centre

The services of CERT-Bund are primarily available to federal authorities and include the following:

  • 24 hour on call duty in cooperation with the IT Situation Centre
  • Analyzing incoming incident reports
  • Creating recommendations derived from incidents
  • Supporting federal authorities during IT security incidents
  • Operating a warning and information service
  • Active alerting of the federal administration in case of imminent danger

The CERT-Bund offers a warning and information service (German: Warn- und Informationsdienst, abbreviated as “WID”). Currently this service offers two different types of information:

Advisories
This information service is only available to federal agencies as a closed list. The advisories describe current information about security critical incidents in computer systems and detailed measures to remediate security risks.
Short Information
Short information features the short description of current information regarding security risks and vulnerabilities. This information is not always verified and could be incomplete or even inaccurate.

The Greenbone Enterprise Feed contains the CERT-Bund Short Information. Both the information in the old format [German only] (up to June 2022) and the information in the new format [German only] (from June 2022) are included.

  • There are very minor differences in the advisory metadata between both formats. The formats can be used interchangeably for all use cases.
  • Information of the old format follow the scheme CB-KYY/ID, e.g., CB-K22/0704.
  • Information of the new format follow the scheme WID-SEC-YYYY-ID, e.g., WID-SEC-2022-0311.

List Page

All existing CERT-Bund advisories can be displayed by selecting SecInfo > CERT-Bund Advisories in the menu bar.

Note

By clicking export below the list of CERT-Bund advisories more than one CERT-Bund advisory can be exported at a time. The drop-down list is used to select which CERT-Bund advisories are exported.

Details Page

Click on the name of a CERT-Bund advisory to display the details of the CERT-Bund advisory. Click details to open the details page of the CERT-Bund advisory.

The following registers are available:

Information
General information about the CERT-Bund advisory.
User Tags
Assigned tags (see Chapter 8.4).

The following actions are available in the upper left corner:

  • help Open the corresponding chapter of the user manual.
  • list Show the list page of all CERT-Bund advisories.
  • export Export the CERT-Bund advisory as an XML file.

14.4 DFN-CERT Advisories

While the individual VTs, CVEs and CPEs are created primarily to be processed by computer systems, the DFN-CERT publishes new advisories regularly.

The DFN-CERT is responsible for hundreds of universities and research institutions that are associated with the German Research and Education Network (German: Deutsches Forschungsnetz, abbreviated as DFN). Additionally, it provides key security services to government and industry.

An advisory describes especially critical security risks that require fast reacting. The DFN-CERT advisory service includes the categorization, distribution and rating of advisories issued by different software vendors and distributors. Advisories are obtained by the Greenbone Enterprise Appliance and stored in the database for reference.

List Page

All existing DFN-CERT advisories can be displayed by selecting SecInfo > DFN-CERT Advisories in the menu bar.

Note

By clicking export below the list of DFN-CERT advisories more than one DFN-CERT advisory can be exported at a time. The drop-down list is used to select which DFN-CERT advisories are exported.

Details Page

Click on the name of a DFN-CERT advisory to display the details of the DFN-CERT advisory. Click details to open the details page of the DFN-CERT advisory.

The following registers are available:

Information
General information about the DFN-CERT advisory.
User Tags
Assigned tags (see Chapter 8.4).

The following actions are available in the upper left corner:

  • help Open the corresponding chapter of the user manual.
  • list Show the list page of all DFN-CERT advisories.
  • export Export the DFN-CERT advisory as an XML file.